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Following the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian dynasty, the Roman province of Judaea was wracked by civil disturbances, which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War. The Hasmonean kingdom began to gradually lose its independence from 63 BCE onwards with its conquest by Pompey, becoming a client state of the Roman Republic and later of the Parthian Empire. The 2nd century BCE saw a successful Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire and the subsequent formation of the Hasmonean kingdom-the last nominally independent kingdom of Israel. During this time, the destroyed Solomon's Temple was replaced by the Second Temple, marking the beginning of Second Temple Judaism.ĭuring the Hellenistic period, Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. Cyrus' proclamation began the exiles' return to Zion, inaugurating the formative period in which a more distinctive Jewish/Judahite identity was developed in the Persian province of Yehud. The Jewish exile in Babylon ended around 538 BCE with the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, after which the Persian king Cyrus the Great issued a proclamation known as the Edict of Cyrus that authorized and encouraged exiled Jews to return to the Land of Israel.
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The exilic period saw the development of the Israelite religion, Yahwism, towards the distinct monotheism seen in Judaism. According to the biblical account, Nebuchadnezzar II's armies successfully besieged Jerusalem between 589–586 BCE, which led to the destruction of Solomon's Temple and the exile of the Jews to Babylon this event was also recorded in the Babylonian Chronicles. However, Jewish revolts against the latter led to the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE under the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. While the Kingdom of Judah remained intact during this time, it became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The historicity of the United Monarchy is debated as there are no archaeological remains of it accepted as consensus, but historians and archaeologists agree that Israel and Judah existed as separate kingdoms by c. The history of ancient Israel and Judah begins during the Iron Age with the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, two related Israelite polities that existed in the ancient Southern Levant.Īccording to the Hebrew Bible, a United Israelite Monarchy existed as early as the 11th century BCE under the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon the country later would have split into two separate kingdoms: Israel (containing the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and Judah (containing Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple) in the south.